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CCSD3ZF0000100000001NJPL3IF0PDS200000001 = SFDU_LABEL RECORD_TYPE = STREAM PRODUCT_CREATION_TIME = 1991-08-01 OBJECT = TEXT NOTE = "Mars list of IAU-approved named features." END_OBJECT = TEXT END TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction History of planetary nomenclature How names become approved IAU rules and conventions Specifics of the Gazetteer Acknowledgments References cited Appendix 1. Provisional names, as of April 1991 Appendix 2. Chairmen of IAU Working Group and Task Groups Appendix 3. IAU Task Group Members Appendix 4. Key to classification of column arrays ("fields") Appendix 5. Abbreviations for continent and ethnic groups Appendix 6. Selected References Appendix 7. List of descriptors (feature types) Appendix 8. Categories for naming features on planets and satellites Appendix 9. Planet and satellite names and discoverers Appendix 10. Table of Diacritical Marks INTRODUCTION Planetary nomenclature, like terrestrial nomenclature, is used to uniquely identify a feature on the surface of a planet or satellite so that the feature can be easily located, described, or discussed. This digital gazetteer file was compiled expressly for the MDIM CD-ROMS and contains detailed nomenclature information about the features on Mars named and approved by the International Astronomical Union. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) was founded in 1919 and has had triennial meetings through 1991. A list of names proposed since April 1991 (but not yet approved) is included as Appendix 1. HISTORY The IAU has been the arbiter of planetary and satellite nomenclature since its organizational meeting in 1919 in Brussels. At that time a committee was appointed to regularize the chaotic lunar and Martian nomenclatures then current. The IAU committee was an outgrowth of an earlier committee established in 1907 by the Council of the International Association of Academies, meeting in General Assembly in Vienna. The committee established by the Academies had been charged with the task of clarifying the lunar nomenclature but had not published a report, due to a succession of deaths of members. However, a great deal of preliminary work had been done by one member, Mary Blagg. The IAU appointed Miss Blagg and several other astronomers to a newly commissioned nomenclature committee chaired by H. H. Turner (IAU, 1922). The report of this committee, "Named Lunar Formations," by Blagg and Miller (1935) was the first systematic listing of lunar nomenclature. Later, "The System of Lunar Craters, quadrants I, II, III, IV" was published (in four parts) by D. W. G. Arthur and others (1963-66), working under the direction of Gerard P. Kuiper; these catalogues and the accompanying map, (also in four parts) list the names (or other designations) and coordinates, and show the positions of the current, greatly expanded lunar nomenclature. These works were adopted by the IAU and became the recognized sources for lunar nomenclature. The Martian nomenclature was clarified in 1958, when an ad hoc committee of the IAU chaired by Audouin Dollfus recommended for adoption the names of 128 albedo (bright, dark, or colored) features observed through ground-based telescopes (IAU, 1960). These names were based on a system of nomenclature developed in the late 19th century by the Italian astronomer G.V. Schiaparelli (1879), and expanded in the early 20th century by E. M. Antoniadi (1929), an Italian-born astronomer working at Meudon, France. The requirements for extraterrestrial nomenclature were dramatically changed in 1957 when the successful flight of Sputnik (and America's consequent determination to land a man on the Moon in the 1960's) inaugurated the age of space exploration. As detailed images became available of one newly discriminated, extraterrestrial surface after another, the need to name features on these surfaces became evident. Once again the IAU assumed the task of expanding and overseeing planetary nomenclature so that the effort would proceed in an orderly, fair, and evenhanded way. In 1970, in response to the successful Mariner flyby missions to Mars during the 1960's and in anticipation of the Mariner 9 mission, a Mars nomenclature Working Group was formed, chaired by Gerard de Vaucouleurs; this group was asked to designate names for the topographic features shown in the new spacecraft images (de Vaucouleurs and others, 1975). During the same period, Donald H. Menzel chaired an ad hoc lunar committee that suggested names for features discriminated by the Soviet Zond and American Lunar Orbiter and Apollo cameras (Menzel and others, 1971). At the Sydney, Australia meeting of the IAU in 1973, the nomenclature groups were reorganized and expanded. The Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN, or Working Group) was appointed with Peter Millman, Canada, as its first president. Task Groups (TG) for the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and the Outer Solar System were formed to conduct the preliminary work of choosing themes and proposing names for features on each newly discriminated planet and satellite. In 1982 at Patras, Greece, Harold Masursky, U.S.A., became president of the WGPSN and several new members were added. A new Task Group was formed in 1984 to name surface features on small primitive bodies (asteroids and comets), but this group will not be activated until asteroids Ida and Gaspra are encountered by the Galileo spacecraft in 1991. HOW NAMES BECOME APPROVED When images are first obtained of the surface of a heretofore unimaged planet or satellite, a theme for naming features is chosen and a few important features are named, usually by members of the appropriate IAU Task Group. Later, as higher resolution images and maps become available, additional features are named, usually at the request of investigators mapping or describing specific surfaces, features, or geologic formations. However, anyone--either scientist or layman--may suggest a name or ask that a specific feature be named. Names considered appropriate by a Task Group are submitted to the Working Group, which meets once a year. The Working Group transmits its list of recommended names to the yearly meeting of the IAU's Executive Committee, which checks the names for conformity to IAU standards. Successful candidate names are then presented for adoption to the IAU's General Assembly, which meets triennially. A name is not considered to be official--that is, "adopted"--until the General Assembly has given its approval. Suggestions for naming a specific feature or requests that a specific name be used should be sent to the president of the Working Group or to the chairman of the appropriate Task Group; the names and addresses of the chairmen and the complete roster of Task Group members are given in appendixes 2 and 3 of this volume. IAU RULES AND CONVENTIONS Names adopted by the IAU must follow various rules and conventions established through the years by the Union. At the first meeting of the Working Group, the following rules were adopted (IAU, 1970): 1. Nomenclature is a tool and the first consideration should be to make it simple, clear, and unambiguous. 2. The number of names chosen for each body should be kept to a minimum, and governed by the anticipated requirements of the scientific community. 3. Although there will be some exceptions, duplication of the same name on two or more bodies should be avoided. 4. In general individual names chosen for each body should be expressed in the language of origin. Transliteration and pronunciation for various alphabets should be given but there will be no translation from one language to another. 5. Where possible, consideration should be given to the traditional aspects of any nomenclature system, provided that this does not cause confusion. 6. Solar system nomenclature should be international in its choice of names. Recommendations submitted to the IAU National Committees will be considered. Final approval of any selection is the responsibility of the International Astronomical Union. 7. We must look to the future in general discussions of solar system nomenclature and attempt to lay the groundwork for future requirements that will result from the development of the space program. Several corollary decisions or modifications have been added to the rules: 8. As corollaries to rule 1, the WG decided that names should be easy to pronounce and spell, and that single names of no more than three syllables are preferred. Exceptions are allowed for persons or mythical characters known by double names. 9. Exceptions to rule 3 (nonduplication of names) have caused a great deal of confusion, and the rule is now adhered to strictly. The nearly 2000 names of asteroids are excepted from this rule. 10. Rule 4 has been modified because most nomenclative business, including publication of the nomenclature in the IAU Transactions volumes, is now conducted in English and most of the maps have been published in the United States. Maps published in other countries use the language of that country. Maps published in the Soviet Union use the Cyrillic typescript; (romanized) Latin and Greek terms are translated, and names are transliterated. 11. In keeping with rule 5 and the practice established by early lunar nomenclature, descriptors (feature types) are written in their Latin or Greek form, except as explained in rule 11, above, concerning Soviet usage. 12. Rule 5 has been invoked by the IAU when establishing a theme for naming features on newly discriminated satellites or planets. Thus, newly discovered Uranian satellites and features on previously discovered satellites continued the theme established by William Lassell when he named the first four satellites for characters (mostly bright and dark spirits) from Shakespeare and Pope; names for satellites of Neptune continue the "watery" theme established by the names of the planet and first two satellites. 13. As an expansion of rule 6, the WG requires equal representation of ethnic groups/countries on each individual map; however, a higher percentage of names from the country planning a landing is allowed on landing site maps. 14. In addition, no names having political, military or religious significance, or names of modern philosophers, may be used. Names of political figures prior to the 19th Century are acceptable. Additional rules developed through experience include: 15. Persons being honored must have been deceased for at least three years before his/her names can be assigned to a feature. Exceptions to this rule were made for living astronauts and cosmonauts because their contributions to space exploration were unique. 16. When more than one spelling of a name is extant, the spelling preferred by the person, or referenced in appendix 6, is used. 17. Diacritical marks are a necessary part of a name, and will be used. 18. Ring and ring-gap nomenclature and names for newly discovered small satellites (cf. table 2, figs. 1 and 2) are developed by joint deliberation of the Working Group and Commission 20 of the IAU. In addition to these general rules, each Task Group develops additional conventions as it formulates an interesting and meaningful nomenclature for individual planetary bodies. Most of these conventions are self evident from study of the appendixes that follow this chapter. SPECIFICS OF THE GAZETTEER The spelling of mythological or even historical names often varies widely. For a mythological name, our choice of spelling is that of the indicated reference. When the name is that of a real person, we try to use the spelling preferred by that person as shown in a work published during his or her lifetime. In general, the naming convention for a feature type remains the same regardless of its size. Exceptions to this rule are channels (valles) on Mars and craters on the Moon, Mars, and Venus; naming conventions for these features differ according to size. The categories for naming features on Mars (and the exceptions) are listed in appendix 8. One feature classification--regio--was originally used on early maps of the Moon and Mercury, drawn from telescopic observations. It is now used to delineate vague albedo features (on Iapetus and Ganymede) or reflectivity features (on Venus) where resolution is too low to designate clearly a morphologic feature. As data at higher resolution are acquired, the albedo or reflectivity names may be updated to reflect the improved morphologic information. The boundaries of many large features (such as terrae, regiones, planitiae, and plana) are not topographically or geomorphically distinct; the coordinates of these features are identified from an arbitrarily chosen center point. Boundaries (and thus coordinates) may be determined more accurately from geochemical and geophysical data obtained by later missions. The gazetteer (file: [GAZETTER]GAZETTER.TAB) is a table of geographical features for a planet. It contains information about a named feature such as location, size, origin of feature name, etc. The Gazetteer Table contains one row for each feature named on Mars. The table is formatted so that it may be read directly into many data management systems on various host computers. All fields (columns) are separated by commas, and character fields are preceded by double quotation marks. Each record consist of 480 bytes, with a carriage return/line feed sequence in bytes 479 and 480. This allows the table to be treated as a fixed length record file on hosts that support this file type and as a normal text file on other hosts. All gazetteer information is included on all volumes of the MDIM collection. The gazetteer table is located in the directory GAZETTER under the name GAZETTER.TAB (file: [GAZETTER]GAZETTER.TAB). The label file is named GAZETTER.LBL under the same directory. The gazetteer has two feature name fields with and without diacritical marks. The first is SEARCH_FEATURE_NAME which is the geographical feature name with all diacritical marks stripped off. This name is stored in upper case only so that it can be used for sorting and search purposes. This field should not be used to designate the name of the feature because it does not contain the diacritical marks. Feature names not containing diacritical marks can often take on a completely different meaning and in some cases the meaning can be deeply offensive. The second field is called DIACRITIC_FEATURE_NAME which is the geographical feature name containing standard diacritical information. Please refer to Appendix 10 for list of gazetteer diacritical marks. A description of the gazetteer file can be found in Appendix 4. Acknowledgments The Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature wishes to express its appreciation for the efforts of the late Dr. Peter Millman, National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa, for his original list of planetary names and for his continuing interest and careful review of all planetary nomenclature material; Ewen Whitaker, now retired from the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona for corrections to the lunar list; and Dr. Jean Duchesne-Guillermin, Liege, Belgium, for authoritative and careful editing of the 1986 edition of the Gazetteer. We also thank Dr. Audouin Dollfus of the Observatoire de Paris, Dr. A. T. Basilevsky and Dr. G. Burba of the Vernadsky Institute, Moscow, U.S.S.R., and Mr. William Musielak of the University of Arizona, Tucson, for reviews of maps during the critical prepublication period. Many USGS employees in Flagstaff have cooperated to produce the master file of the Gazetteer: Christine Vargas, Victoria Lobato, Rebecca Birkholst, Elizabeth Dyer, and Jana Ruhlmann made corrections and additions; Janet Barrett, Robert Gurule, C. E. Isbell, K. D. Knisely, and Bill Woodsmall wrote computer programs to sort and print the files; Ramon Sabala and R. D. Carroll have supplied cartographic expertise; and Mary Strobell and Joel Russell, assisted at different times by Katherine Beer, Connie Nordstrom, D. L. Applebee, and A. L. Dial, Jr., have coordinated all aspects of planetary nomenclature including the preparation and publication of the Gazetteer. References cited Antoniadi, E. M., 1929, La Planète Mars, pl. 2-5: Paris, Libraire Scientifique Herman et Cie., xxp. Arthur, D.W.G., Agnieray, A.P., Horvath, R.A., Wood, C.A., and Chapman, C.R., 1963, The system of lunar craters, quadrant I: Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, v. 2, no. 30, p. 71-78, four unnumbered appendixes, and 12 unnumbered maps. _____ 1964, The system of lunar craters, quadrant II: Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, v. 3, no. 40, p. 1-59 and 12 unnumbered maps. Arthur, D.W.G., Agnieray, A.P., Pellicori, R.H., Wood, C.A., and Weller, T., 1965, The system of lunar craters, quadrant III: Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, v. 3, no. 50, p. 61-62, catalogue p. 1-146, and 12 unnumbered maps. Arthur, D.W.G., Pellicori, R.H., and Wood, C.A., 1966, The system of lunar craters, quadrant IV: Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, v. 5, no. 70, p. 1, catalogue p. 1-208, and 12 unnumbered maps. Blagg, Mary, and Müller, Karl, 1935, Named Lunar Formations: London, Percy Lund, Humphries & Co. Ltd., 196 pp. Blunck, Jürgen, 1977, Mars and its satellites: Hicksville N.Y., Exposition Press, 200 p. (2nd edition, 1982). International Astronomical Union, 1922, Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, Rome, May 12-20, 1922: London, Imperial College Bookstall, v. 1, p. 52-53. _____ 1960, Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, Moscow, August 12-20, 1958: Cambridge University Press, vol. X, pl. 1, p. 262. _____ 1970, Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, Menzel, D.H., Minnaert, M., Levin, Boris, and Dollfus, Audouin, 1971, Report on Lunar Nomenclature: Space Science Reviews, v. 12, no. 2, p. 136-186. Schiaparelli, G.V., 1879, Osservazioni astronomiche e fisiche sull'asse di rotazione e sulla topografia del pianeta Marte in Atti della R. Accademia del Lincei, Memoria della cl. di scienze fisiche. Memoria 2, ser. 3, v. 10, 1880-81, p. 281-387. de Vaucouleurs, Gerard, Blunck, Jürgen, Davies, Merton, Dollfus, Audouin, Koval, I.K., Kuiper, G.P., Masursky, Harold, Miyamoto, S., Moroz, V.I., Sagan, Carl, and Smith, Bradford, 1975, The new Martian nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union: Icarus, v. 26, p. 85-98. APPENDIX 1 PROVISIONAL NAMES ON MARS AS OF APRIL 1991 PLANET PROPOSED NAME LAT LONG SIZE FT ATTRIBUTE M Dzeng 80.5S 70.5W 0 AA Town in Cameroon M Escorial 77.0N 51.2W 0 AA Town in Spain M Yicheng 81.0S 49.0W 0 AA Town in China M Lomela 81.8S 56.0W 0 AA Town in Zaire M Sarn 77.5S 54.5W 0 AA Town in Wales M Aurorae Chaos 8.5S 34.5W 0 CH Albedo name M Patera Angusta 80.5S 79.5W 0 PE Albedo name M Patera Australis 80.5S 52.0W 0 PE Albedo name M Tempe Tholi 33.9N 82.7W 0 TH Classical albedo name M Ayacucho 38.5N 92.0W 0 AA Town in Bolivia M Changwu 42.1N 89.5W 0 AA Town in China M Charlieu 38.3N 84.1W 0 AA Town in France M Chatturat 35.7N 94.8W 0 AA Town in Thailand M Ellsley 36.5N 83.0W 0 AA Town in England M Gandzani 34.5N 90.8W 0 AA Town In Georgian SSR M Handlova 37.9N 88.4W 0 AA Town in Czechoslovakia M Jampur 38.8N 81.0W 0 AA Town in Pakistan M Kisambo 34.3N 89.0W 0 AA Town in Zaire M Reykholt 40.8N 85.8W 0 AA Town in Iceland M Lowbury 42.8N 93.0W 0 AA Town in New Zealand M Nipigon 34.0N 81.9W 0 AA Town in Canada M Woolgar 34.8W 85.5W 0 AA Town in Australia M Atrax Dorsum 38.3N 89.1W 0 DO Classical town M Baphyras Catena 38.8N 84.0W 0 CA Classical river M Tanais Fossae 38.6N 85.3W 0 FO Classical albedo name M Gonnus Mons 41.6N 90.8W 0 MO Classical town M Montes Tanaica 39.7N 90.8W 0 MO Classical albedo name M Pindus Mons 39.7N 88.9W 0 MO Mountains near Vale of Tempe M Ascuris Planum 41.5N 81.0W 0 PM Classical albedo name M N. Mareotis Tholus 36.8N 86.0W 0 TH Classical albedo name M W. Mareotis Tholus 35.8N 87.5W 0 TH Classical albedo name M E. Mareotis Tholus 36.1N 85.0W 0 TH Classical albedo name M Issedon Tholus 36.3N 94.6W 0 TH Classical albedo name M Enipeus Vallis 37.5N 93.1W 0 VA Classical river M Krasnoye 37.1N 216.1W 0 AA Town in Russia M Fenagh 34.6N 215.7W 0 AA Town in Ireland M Irharen 34.8N 219.2W 0 AA Town in Algeria M Leleque 36.7N 221.9W 0 AA Town in Argentina M Mendota 37.1N 221.7W 0 AA Town in USA M Ocampo 32.9N 221.7W 0 AA Town in Mexico M Galaxius Mons 35.0N 217.7W 0 MO Classical albedo name M Tyrrhena Fossae 22.1S 254.5W 0 FO Classical albedo name M Suata 19.2S 253.3W 0 AA Town in Venezuela M Rayadurg 18.6S 257.6W 0 AA Town in India M Kamativi 20.7S 250.0W 0 AA Town in Zimbabwe M Tyrrhena Mons 24.5S 258.7W 0 MO Classical albedo name M Apodis Catena 27.2S 256.8W 0 CA Classical albedo name M Ascraeus Chasmata 8.7N 105.5W 0 CM Classical albedo name M Ascraeus Mensa 11.7N 107.8W 0 MN Classical albedo name M Ascraeus Sulci 11.9N 108.7W 0 SU Classical albedo name M Mangala Fossa 16.5S 148.8W 0 FO Named for nearby vallis M Pavonis Fossae 4.2N 111.2W 0 FO Albedo name M Pavonis Chasma 3.8N 111.1W 0 CM Albedo name M Pavonis Sulci 3.9N 117.6W 0 SU Albedo name M Arsia Sulci 6.4S 129.7W 0 SU Albedo name M Arsia Chamata 7.9S 119.4W 0 CM Albedo name M Auxo Dorsum 56.1S 41.9W 0 DO One of the Graces M Charis Dorsum 55.8S 41.2W 0 DO One of the Graces M Cleia Dorsum 55.3S 46.3W 0 DO One of the Graces M Hegemone Dorsum 55.3S 44.9W 0 DO One of the Graces M Pasithea Dorsum 55.7S 41.8W 0 DO One of the Graces M Phaenna Dorsum 54.3S 43.2W 0 DO One of the Graces M Chalce Fossa 51.9S 40.0W 0 FO Albedo name M Argyre Cavi 49.1S 40.2W 0 CB Albedo name M Octantis Cavi 52.7S 45.6W 0 CB Albedo name M Bentham 56.0S 40.3W 0 AA Town in England M Kamloops 53.9S 32.1W 0 AA Town in Canada M Lodwar 55.4S 43.0W 0 AA Town in Kenya M Mari 52.4S 45.7W 0 AA Ruined city in Syria M Milford 52.6S 45.1W 0 AA Town in Utah, USA M Oodnadatta 52.7S 34.8W 0 AA Town in Australia M Chalce Montes 53.8S 37.0W 0 MO Albedo name M Horarum Mons 51.3S 36.4W 0 MO Albedo name M Octantis Mons 55.5S 42.5W 0 MO Albedo name M Dzigai Vallis 59.7S 31.3W 0 VA Valley in Navajo M Nia Vallis 54.3S 33.0W 0 VA Lowell canal name M Pallacopas Vallis 54.5S 21.2W 0 VA Lowell canal name M Surius Vallis 60.3S 51.0W 0 VA Lowell canal name APPENDIX 2 CHAIRMEN OF IAU WORKING AND TASK GROUPS Kaare Aksnes, Acting President, Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo 3, Norway V.V. Shevchenko, Chairman, Lunar Task Group Sternberg State Astronomical Institute Moscow University Leninskije Gory Moscow 234, U.S.S.R. David Morrison, Chairman, Mercury Task Group Ames Research Center, MS 245-1 Moffett Field, CA 94035 M. Ya. Marov, Chairman, Venus Task Group Chief, Department of Planetary Physics Institute of Applied Mathematics USSR Academy of Sciences, Miusskaya Square 4 Moscow A-47, U.S.S.R. B.A. Smith, Chairman, Mars Task Group Institute for Astronomy 2680 Woodlawn Drive Honolulu, HA 96822 T.C. Owen, Chairman, Outer Solar System Task Group Institute for Astronomy 2680 Woodlawn Drive Honolulu, HA 96822 State University of New York Stoney Brook, L.I., New York 11790 Marcello Fulchignoni, Chairman Asteroids and Comets Task Group Reparto Planetologia Spuziale-CNR Viale dell'Universita 00815 Roma, Italy APPENDIX 3 IAU TASK GROUP MEMBERS Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature ACTING PRESIDENT K. Aksnes Norway MEMBERS: CONSULTANTS: G. E. Hunt Gr.Br. J. M. Boyce U.S.A. M. Ya. Marov U.S.S.R. G. A. Burba U.S.S.R. D. Morrison U.S.A. W. R. Brunk U.S.A. T. C. Owen U.S.A. A. M. Komkov U.S.S.R. V. V. Shevchenko U.S.S.R. B. A. Smith U.S.A. V. G. Tejfel U.S.S.R. Task Group for Task Group for Lunar Nomenclature Mercury Nomenclature V. V. Shevchenko (Chairman) U.S.S.R. D. Morrison (Chair) U.S.A. A. Dollfus France D. P. Campbell U.S.A. F. El-Baz U.S.A. M. E. Davies U.S.A. S. K. Runcorn Gr. Br. A. Dollfus France E. A. Whitaker U.S.A. N. P. Erpylev U.S.S.R. J. E. Guest Gr. Br. Task Group for Task Group for Venus Nomenclature Mars Nomenclature M. Ya. Marov (Chairman) U.S.S.R. B. A. Smith (Chairman) U.S.A. A. T. Basilevsky U.S.S.R. A. Dollfus France D. B. Campbell U.S.A. M. Ya. Marov U.S.S.R. R. M. Goldstein U.S.A. D. Ya. Martynov U.S.S.R. R. F. Jurgens U.S.A. S. Miyamoto Japan G. H. Pettengill U.S.A. C. Sagan U.S.A. Y. F. Tjuflin U.S.S.R. Task Group for Task Group for Surface Outer Solar System Nomenclature Features on Asteroids and Comets T. C. Owen (Chairman) U.S.A. M. Fulchignoni (Chairman) Italy K. Aksnes Norway J. Veverka U.S.A. A. T. Basilevsky U.S.S.R. A. Brahic France R. Beebe U.S.A. D. Morrison U.S.A. M. S. Bobrov U.S.S.R. T. Gombosi Hungary A. Brahic France L. Ksanfomaliti U.S.S.R. M. E. Davies U.S.A. D. Lupishko U.S.S.R. N. P. Erpylev U.S.S.R. Y. Chang China B. A. Smith U.S.A. S. Isobe Japan V. G. Tejfel U.S.S.R. APPENDIX 4 Key to classification of column arrays ("fields") NAME START NUMBER DATA DESCRIPTION BYTE BYTES TYPE ------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET_NAME 2 20 CHAR. The planet or satellite on which the feature is located. SEARCH_FEATURE_NAME 25 50 CHAR. The geographical feature name with all diacritical marks stripped off. This name is stored in upper case only so that it can be used for sorting and search purposes. This field should not be used to designate the name of the feature because it does not contain the diacritical marks. Feature names not containing diacritical marks can often take on a completely different meaning and in some cases the meaning can be deeply offensive. DIACRITIC_FEATURE_NAME 78 100 CHAR. The geographical feature name containing standard diacritical information. Refer to Appendix 10 for a discussion of the storage scheme and specification of diacritical marks in this field. MINIMUM_LATITUDE 180 7 REAL The minimum_latitude element specifies the southernmost latitude of a spatial area, such as a map, mosaic, bin, feature, or region. MAXIMUM_LATITUDE 188 7 REAL The maximum_latitude element specifies the northernmost latitude of a spatial area, such as a map, mosaic, bin, feature, or region. CENTER_LATITUDE 196 7 REAL The center_latitude of the feature. MINIMUM_LONGITUDE 204 7 REAL The minimum_longitude element specifies the easternmost latitude of a spatial area, such as a map, mosaic, bin, feature, or region. MAXIMUM_LONGITUDE 212 7 REAL The maximum_longitude element specifies the westernmost longitude of a spatial area, such as a map, mosaic, bin, feature, or region. CENTER_LONGITUDE 220 7 REAL The center_longitude element of the feature. LABEL_POSITION_ID 229 2 CHAR. The suggested plotting position of the feature name (UL-Upper left, UC=Upper center. UR=Upper right, CL= Center left, CR= Center right, LL=Lower left, LC=Lower center. LR=Lower right. This field is used to instruct the plotter where to place the typo-graphical label with respect to the center of the feature. This code is used to avoid crowding of names in areas where there is a high density of named features. FEATURE_LENGTH 233 8 REAL The longer of longest dimension of an object. For the Gazetteer usage, this field refers to the length of the named feature. PRIMARY_PARENTAGE_ID 243 2 CHAR. This field contains the primary origin of the feature name (i.e. where the name originated). It contains a code for the continent or country origin of the name. Please see Appendix 5 of this gazetteer documentation (GAZETTER.TXT) for a definition of the codes used to define the continent or country. SECONDARY_PARENTAGE_ID 248 2 CHAR This field contains the secondary origin of the feature name. It contains a code for a country, state, territory, or ethnic group. Please see Appendix 5 of the gazetteer documentation (GAZETTER.TXT) for a definition of the codes in this field. MAP_SERIAL_ID 253 6 CHAR. The identification of the map that contains the named feature. This field represents the map serial number of the map publication used for ordering maps from the U.S. Geologi- cal Survey. The map identified in this field best portrays the named feature. FEATURE_STATUS_TYPE 262 12 CHAR. The IAU approval status of the named feature. Permitted values are 'PROPOSED', 'PROVISIONAL', 'IAU-APPROVED', and 'DROPPED'. Dropped names have been disallowed by the IAU. However, these features have been included in the gazetteer for historical purposes. Some named features that are disallowed by the IAU may commonly be used on some maps. APPROVAL_DATE 276 4 INTEGER Date at which an object has been approved by the officially sanctioned organization. This field contains the year the IAU approved the feature name. FEATURE_TYPE 282 20 CHAR. The feature type identifies type of a particular feature, according to IAU standards. Examples are 'CRATER', 'TESSERA', 'TERRA', etc. Refer to Appendix 7 for type names. REFERENCE_NUMBER 304 4 INTEGER Literature reference from which the spelling and description of the feature name was derived. See Appendix 6 of this gazetteer documenta- tion (GAZETTER.TXT). MAP_CHART_ID 310 6 CHAR. This field contains the abbreviation of the map designator or chart identification (example MC-19, MC-18, etc.). FEATURE_DESCRIPTION 319 159 CHAR. Short description of the feature. APPENDIX 5 ABBREVIATIONS FOR CONTINENT AND ETHNIC GROUPS (fields: PRIMARY_PARENTAGE_ID,SECONDARY_PARANTAGE_ID) AFRICA (AF) Name Abbrev. Name Abbrev. ____ _______ ____ _______ Algeria AL Mande MN Angola AN Mauritania MU Banti BA Morocco MR Benin BE Mozambique MZ Botswana BT Namibia NM Burkina Faso (upper Volta) BF Niger NG Bushman BU Nigeria NI Bushongo BH Pygmy PY Cameroon CR Semitic SE Canary Is. CI Senegal SN Egypt EG Somalia SO Ethiopia ET South Africa SA French Guiana FG Sudan SU Gambia GA Tanzania TA Ghana GA Togo TO Gold Coast GC Tonga TG Ivory Coast IC Tunisia TN Kenya KY Uganda UG Lesotho LE Yao YA Liberia LI Zaire ZA Libya LB Zambia ZM Mbundu MB Zimbabwe ZI Mali ML ASIA (AS) Name Abbrev. Name Abbrev. ____ _______ ____ _______ Akkadian (Accadian) AK Minyong MY Armenian AM Mongolia MO Assyrian AY Monguor MG Assyro-Babylonian AB Nanai NA Babylon BY Nepal NE Bangladesh BA Oman OM Buriat BR Pakistan PK Burma BU Persian PE Cambodia CM Philippines PH China CH Phoenician PO Hebrew HE Samoyed SM India IN Sanskrit SA Indonesia ID Saudi Arabia AR Iran IR Semitic SE Iraq IQ Siberia SI Israel IS Sumerian SU Japan JA Syria SY Jewish JW Tibet TB Jordan JO Taiwan TW Korea KR Thailand TH Malaysia MA Turkey TU Vietnam VT EUROPE (EU) Name Abbrev. Name Abbrev. ____ _______ ____ _______ Albania AL Lapp LP Austria AS Latin LA Belgium BE Netherlands (Dutch) DU Bulgaria BU Norse NS Byzantine BZ Norway NO Celtic CE Ostergoth OG Czechoslovakia CZ Oscan OS Denmark DE Poland PO England EN Portugal PG Eskimo (Greenland) ES Roman RM Finland FI Romania (Rumania) RO Flemish FL Scandinavian SD France FR Scotland SC Germany GE Slavic SL Great Britain GB Spain SP Greek GR Sweden SW Greenland GL Switzerland SZ Hungary HU Teutonic TU Iceland IC Wales WA Ireland IR Yugoslavia YU Italy IT NORTH AMERICA (NA) OCEANIA (OC) Name Abbrev. Name Abbrev. ____ _______ ____ _______ Algonquin AL Australia AU American AM Caroline Is. CI Canada CA Guam GM Dakota DA Hawaii HA Eskimo ES Kakadu KK Hopi HO Marshall Is. MI Iroquois IR Melanesia ME Mandan MA Micronesia MC Mexico ME New Britain NB Pawnee PW New Guinea GU Pueblo PU New Zealand NZ Shoshoni SH Society Is. SI Navajo NV Toamotu TU SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA (SA) Name Abbrev. Name Abbrev. ____ _______ ____ _______ Argentina AR Haiti HA Auracanian AC Honduras HO Aztec AZ Inca IN Barbados BB Jamaica JM Bolivia BO Mayan MY Bororo RR Netherland (Dutch) Antilles DA Brazil BR Nicaragua NI Chile CH Panama PM Colombia CO Paraguay PA Costa Rica CR Peru PE Dominican Republic DR Puerto Rico PR Ecuador EC Uruguay UR Guyana GY Venezuela VE UNITED STATES (US) Name Abbrev. Name Abbrev. ____ _______ ____ _______ Alabama AL Nebraska NE Alaska AK Nevada NV Arizona AZ New Hampshire NH California CA New Jersey NJ Colorado CO New Mexico NM Connecticut CT New York NY Delaware DE North Dakota ND Florida FL Ohio OH Georgia GA Oklahoma OK Hawaii HI Oregon OR Idaho ID Pennsylvania PA Illinois IL South Carolina SC Indiana IN South Dakota SD Iowa IA Texas TX Kansas KS Utah UT Louisiana LA Virginia VA Maryland MD Washington WA Massachusetts MA West Virginia WV Mississippi MS Wisconsin WI Montana MT Wyoming WY UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (UR) Name Abbrev. Name Abbrev. ____ _______ ____ _______ Altaic AL Neghidhian NE Armenian AM Ostyak OS Azerbaijan AZ Russian RU Belorussian BE Samoyed SM Buriat BR Scythian SC Caucasus CC Siberian SI Estonian ES Slavic (Slavonic) SL Georgian GE Soviet SO Karelian KA Tadzhik TD Kazakh KZ Tungu TU Latvian LV Turkmen TK Lithuanian LI Ukraine UK Marijan MJ Ulci UL Moldavian MD Uzbek UZ Mordvinian Ykutian YK (Volga Finn) MO Nanayan NA" APPENDIX 6 REFERENCES (field: REFERENCE_NUMBER) 1. Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology, translated by R. Aldington and D. Ames; Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., New York, 1976. 2. Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends, by Thomas G. Thrum; AMS Printing Inc., New York, 1907. 3. Oceanic Mythology, by Roslyn Poignant; Paul Hamlyn Pub. Co., London, 1967. 4. Australian Legendary Tales, collected by K. Langloh Parker; Angus & Robertson, Brighton, 1963. 5. Aboriginal Myths and Legends, selected by Roland Robinson; Hamlyn Pub. group Ltd., London, 1969. 6. Dreamtime: Australian Aboriginal Myths, text by Charles Mountford; Rigby Ltd., Adelaide, 1965. 7. Nomads and Empire Builders: Native Peoples and Cultures of South America, by Carleton Beals; Citadel, Secaucus, NJ, 1965. 8. The Indian Background of Colonial Yucatan, by R. L. Roys; Gordon Press, New York, 1976. 9. Kiowa Tales, by Elsie W. Parsons; The American Folklore Society, vol. XXII, New York, 1929. 10. Myths and Tales of the Jicarilla Apache, by Morris Edward Opler; The American Folklore Society, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, 1938. 11. The Book of the Navajo, by Raymond Friday Locke; Mankind Pub. Co., Los Angeles, 1976. 12. Indian Mythology, by Veronica Ions; Paul Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1967. 13. African Mythology, by Geoffrey Parrinder; Paul Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1967. 14. South American Mythology, by Harold Osborne; Paul Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1968. 15. Chinese Mythology, by Anthony Christie; Paul Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1968. 16. Japanese Mythology, by Juliet Piggott; Paul Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1969. 17. Norse Mythology; lists provided by Kaare Aksnes. 18. List compiled by V. G. Teifel. 19. The Greek Myths (2 vols.), by Robert Graves; Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1974. 21. Handbook of Greek Mythology, by H. J. Rose; E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York, 1959. 22. Gilgamesh: A Verse Narrative, by Herbert Mason; Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1971. 23. The Lost Gods of England, by Brian Branston; Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 1957. 24. Orisha: The Gods of Yorubaland, by Judith Gleason; Atheneum, New York, 1971. 25. Ainu Creed and Cult, by Neil Gordon Munro; Columbia University Press, New York, 1963. 26. North American Indian Mythology, by Cottie Burland; Paul Hamlyn Pub. Group Ltd., London, 1968. 27. The Mythology of All Races (13 vols.), edited by John Arnott MacCulloch and George Foot Moore; Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., New York, 1964. 28. The Odyssey, by Homer, translated by W. H. D. Rouse; Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., Edinburgh, 1934. 28b. The Odyssey of Homer, translated by Herbert Bates; Harper Brothers, New York, 1929. 29. Song of Roland, translated by Dorothy L. Sayers; Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1967. 30. Comparative Cultures; Human Relations Area File Inc., New Haven, Conn. 31. Gods, Heroes, and Men of Ancient Greece, translated by W. H. D. Rouse; The New American Library of World Literature, Inc., New York, 1957. 32. Myths of the Greeks and Romans, by Michael Grant; World Publishing Company, New York, 1962. 33. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heros, by Edith Hamilton; Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1942. 34. African Myths and Tales, edited by Susan Feldmann; Dell Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1970. 35. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe, by H. R. Ellis Davidson; Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1974. 36. National Geographic Atlas of the World: National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., 1970 (and other editions). 37. Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, by Keith Baines; Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., New York, 1962. 38. Njal's Saga, by Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Paulsson; Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1975. 39. The Age of Fable, by Thomas Bulfinch; The Heritage Press, New York, 1942. 40. Primal Myths: Creating the World, by Barbara C. Sproul; Harper & Row, New York, 1979. 41. The Iliad of Homer, translated by Benjamin Smith and Walter Miller; MacMillan & Co., New York, 1944. 42. Beowulf, translated by Burton Raffel; The New American Library of World Literature, Inc., New York, 1963. 43. Dictionary of Classical Mythology, by J. E. Zimmerman; Harper and Row, New York, 1971. 44. The Aeneid of Virgil, translated by Allen Mandelbaum; Bantam Books, Inc., New York, 1971 45. Tales of Yoruba Gods and Heroes, by Harold Courlander; Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1973. 46. List of famous women provided by the National Organization of Women. 47. Giants, by David Larkin and Sarah Teale; Harry Abrams, Inc., New York, 1979. 48. Letter from G. H. Pettengill to Venus Task Group, April 27, 1977. 49. Letter from Prof. M. Ya. Marov to G. H. Pettengill, September 8, 1977. 50. List compiled by Prof. N. P. Erpylev; includes names from various Russian legends. 51. Letter from Prof. M. Ya. Marov to G. H. Pettengill, January 3, 1981. 52. Alf Laylah Wa Laylah, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, by Richard F. Burton; Larsen-Harper, Colo. Press, Denver, CO, 1900. 53. Myths and Folklore of the Temiskaming Algonquin, and Timagami Ojibwa, by F. G. Speck; Canada Department of Mines Memoir 71, Ottawa, 1915. 54. The New Century Handbook of Classical Geography, edited by Catherine B. Avery; Meredith Corp., New York, 1972. 55. Webster's New Geographical Dictionary; G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, Mass., 1972. 56. Everyman's Classical Atlas, by J. Oliver Thomson; J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., London, 1963. 57. Map of albedo features of Mars, (plates 2-5), in La Planète Mars, by E.M. Antoniadi; Librairie Scientifique Hermann Et Cie, Paris, 1930. 58. Letter from Prof. M. Ya. Marov to Dr. Harold Masursky, March 19, 1979. 59. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica; Encyclopaedia Brittanica Inc., Chicago, 1974. 60. Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, vol. XIVB 1973 through XIXB 1986 Proceedings of the 16th General Assembly, Reidel & Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1986. 61. List of radar scientists provided by G. H. Pettengill. 62. List of names for Mars in various languages provided by Carl Sagan. 63. List supplied by Dr. N. P. Erpylev. 64. Soviet Encyclopedia (30 volumes, in Russian). 65. Myths of the Peoples of the World (two volumes, in Russian). 66. Named Lunar Formations by Mary A. Blagg and K. Müller; Western Publishing Co., Hannibal, Mo., 1968. 67. The System of Lunar Craters, Quadrants I, II, III, IV; by D. W. G. Arthur and others, Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, vol. 2, no. 30, 1964; vol. 3, nos. 40, 50, 1965; vol. 4, no. 70, 1966. 68. World Who's Who in Science, edited by Allen G. Debus; Western Publishing Company, Hannibal, Mo., 196##e, New York, 1973. 71. Commentary on Martian Nomenclature, 2nd edition, by Jurgen Blunck; Exposition Press, Smithtown, New York, 1982. 72. Soviet Men of Science, by John Turkevich; D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton, NJ, 1963. 73. McGraw-Hill International Atlas; McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1963. 74. The Times Atlas of the World, Comprehensive Edition; The Times of London in collaboration with John Bartholomew & Son Ltd., Edinburgh, 1971 (and other editions). 75. Webster's Biographical Dictionary; G. & C. Merriam Company, Springfield, MA, 1974 (and other editions). 76. Duplicate of reference 68 (World Who's Who in Science). 77. Observatories of the World, by Siegfried Marx and Werner Pfau; Van Nostrand, Reinhold Company, New York, 1982. 78. The Oxford Companion to Art; Oxford University Press, London, 1970. 79. Cassel's Encyclopaedia of World Literature; William Morrow & Company Inc., New York, 1973. 80. Lists of names for Mercury nomenclature, provided by David Morrison. 81. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan; Kodansha Ltd., New York, 1983. 83. Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore, and Symbols (in 3 vols.), by Gertrude Jobes; Scarecrow Press, Inc., New York, 1962. 85. The complete works of William Shakespeare, Illustrated; Avenel Books, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1975. 86. The world guide to Gnomes, Fairies, Elves and other Little People, by Thomas Keightley, Avenel Books, New York, 1978. 87. Webster's 3rd New International Dictionary of the English language, unabridged, Merriam Webster Editorial Staff; G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, MA, 1965. 88. Astronauts and Cosmonautics Biographical and Statistical Data, revised June 28, 1985, prepared by the Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress; U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1985. 89. Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor in chief, vol. 9; Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1981. 90. Encyclopedia Americana International Edition; Grolier Inc., Danbury, CT, 1984. 91. Rand McNally, The International Atlas, International Atlas Staff; Rand McNally and Co., New York, 1980. 92. Fairies, by Brian Froud and Alan Lee; Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1978. 93. Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend, edited by Maria Leach; Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., New York, 1984. 94. List of names supplied by Tobias Owen, Outer Planets Task Group chairman, State University of New York at Stony Brook. 95. Poem "Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope. 96. Green Mansions, by W. H. Hudson; AMS Pr. Inc., New York, 1923. 97. The Blue Bird (printed with The Betrothal), by Maurice Maeterlinck; Philosophical Pub. Co., Quakertown, PA, 1987. 98. Female first names supplied by Soviets. APPENDIX 7 DESCRIPTOR TERMS (field: FEATURE_TYPE) FEATURE DESCRIPTION ------- ----------- ALBEDO FEATURE Albedo feature CATENA Chain of craters CAVUS Hollows, irregular depressions CHAOS Distinctive area of broken terrain CHASMA Canyon COLLES Small hill or knob CORONA Ovoid-shaped feature CRATER Crater DORSUM Ridge ERUPTIVE CENTER Eruptive center FACULA Bright spot FLEXUS Cuspate linear feature FLUCTUS Flow terrain FOSSA Long, narrow, shallow depression LABES Landslide LABYRINTHUS Intersecting valley complex LACUS Lake LARGE RINGED FEATURE Large ringed feature LINEA Elongate marking MACULA Dark spot MARE Sea MENSA Mesa, flat-topped elevation MONS Mountain OCEANUS Ocean PALUS Swamp PATERA Shallow crater; scalloped, complex edge PLANITIA Low plain PLANUM Plateau or high plain PROMONTORIUM Cape REGIO Region RIMA Fissure RUPES Scarp SCOPULUS Lobate or irregular scarp SINUS Bay SULCUS Subparallel furrows and ridges TERRA Extensive land mass TESSERA Tile; polygonal ground THOLUS Small domical mountain or hill UNDAE Dunes VALLIS Sinuous valley VASTITAS Widespread lowlands VARIABLE FEATURE Variable feature" APPENDIX 8 CATEGORIES FOR NAMING FEATURES ON MARS MARS Large craters Deceased scientists who have contributed to the study of Mars Small craters Villages of the world (less than 100,000 population, U.N. Yearbook) Large valles Name for Mars/star in various languages Small valles Classical or modern rivers Other features From nearest named albedo feature on Schiaparelli or Antoniadi maps APPENDIX 9 PLANET AND SATELLITE NAMES AND DISCOVERERS MOON Every civilization has had a name for the satellite of Earth that is known, in English, as the Moon. The name "Moon" is of Anglo Saxon derivation. MERCURY Named Mercurius by the Romans because it appears to move so swiftly; it is visible first in the eastern sky and then in the western sky. VENUS Roman name for the goddess of love; this planet was considered to be the brightest and most beautiful planet or star in the heavens. Other civilizations have named it for their god of love/war. MARS Named by the Romans for their god of war because of its red--bloodlike--color; other civilizations also named this planet from this attribute; for example, the ancient Egyptians named the planet "Her Desher", meaning "the red one." Phobos Inner satellite of Mars; named in 1877 by the discoverer, Asaph Hall, for one of the horses that drew Mars' chariot; also called an "attendant" or "son" of Mars, according to chapter 15, line 119 of Homer's "Iliad." This Greek word means flight (in consequence of fear). Hall credits a "Mr. Madan of Eton, England" (Blunck, 1982) for suggesting the names for the satellites. Deimos Outer Martian satellite, also named by Asaph Hall for one of Mars' horses/sons/companions; the word means fear or terror in Greek. JUPITER The largest and most massive of the planets was named in Greco-Roman culture for the (Roman) Jupiter, or (Greek) Zeus, the most important deity in the pantheon. Amalthea Discovered by E. E. Barnard in 1892, who eventually chose a name suggested by Flammarian for the satellite. Amalthea suckled Zeus (Greek name for Jupiter) as a young child. In some accounts, Amalthea is said to have been the wife (or daughter) of King Melisseus of Crete; as such she was wet nurse to baby Zeus. In others, she was a goat. Io Galileo discovered Io and the other three Jovian satellites Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, in 1610. Simon Marius' claim to discovery of the Jovian satellites shortly before Galileo was not accepted. Galileo suggested the four be known as "Medicea Sidera" to honor his patron, but the name was not accepted by other astronomers. Instead, they chose names given the four satellites by Marius in 1613; the names were of four of Zeus' illicit loves. (Galileo refused to accept Marius' names; instead he identified the moons by Roman numerals, a secondary designation system that has been adopted for all satellite systems to the present.) Io, the daughter of Inachus, was changed by Zeus (Jupiter) to a cow to protect her from Hera's jealous wrath, but Hera recognized Io and sent a gadfly to torment her. Io, maddened by the fly, wandered throughout the Mediterranean region. Europa Beautiful daughter of Agenor, king of Tyhre, she was seduced by Zeus, who had assumed the shape of a white bull. When Europa climbed on his back he swam with her to Crete, where she bore several children, including Minos. Ganymede Beautiful young boy who was carried to Olympus by Zeus, disguised as an Eagle. Ganymede then became the cupbearer of the Olympian gods. Callisto Beautiful daughter of Lycaon, she was seduced by Zeus, who changed her into a bear to protect her from Hera's jealousy. SATURN Roman name for Cronos, father of Zeus/Jupiter. Other civilizations have given other names to Saturn, which is the farthest planet from Earth that can be observed by the naked human eye. Most of the satellites were named for Titans who, according to Greek mythology, were brothers and sisters of Saturn. Janus Discovered by Audouin Dollfus in 1966, this small satellite was later proven to have a twin, Epimetheus, sharing the same orbit but never actually meeting. It is named for the two-faced Roman god who could look forward and backwards at the same time. Epimetheus Discovered by the Voyager team in 1981; the orbital parameters of this satellite are very similar to those of Janus (see table 1). Named by the Voyager team for the Greek backward-looking god. Mimas Discovered by William Herschel in 1798 and named by his son, John Herschel, in the early 19th century; the satellite was named for a titan felled by Hephaestus (or Ares) in the war between the titans and Olympian gods. Enceladus Also discovered by William Herschel in 1798 and named by his son, John Herschel, for the Titan Enceladus. Enceladus was crushed by Athene in the battle between the Olympian gods and the Titans; earth piled on top of him became the island of Sicily. Tethys Discovered in 1684 by Cassini, who wished to name the four satellites that he discovered (Tethys, Dione, Rhea, and Iapetus) for Louis XIV. However, the names used today for these satellites were applied in the early 19th century by John Herschel, who named them for Titans and Titanesses, brothers and sisters of Saturn. Tethys was the wife of Oceanus and mother of all rivers and Oceanids. Dione Discovered by Cassini in 1684. Dione was the sister of Cronos and mother (by Zeus) of Aphrodite. Rhea Discovered by Cassini in 1672 and named for another of Cronos' sisters, Rhea was also his wife; and youngest son was Zeus. Titan Discovered and named in 1665 by Huygens, who first called it "Luna Saturni". Hyperion Discovered by C. and G.P. Bond, and by William Lassell, on the same night in 1848; named by Lassell for one of the Titans. Iapetus Discovered by Cassini in 1671 and named by John Herschel for one of the Titans. URANUS Uranus was discovered by William Herschel in 1781, although several astronomers, including Flamsteed and Le Monnier, had observed it earlier; they recorded it as a fixed star. Herschel tried, unsuccessfully, to name his discovery "Georgian Sidus" after George III; the planet was named by Johann Bode in 1781 for the father of Saturn. Miranda Discovered and named by G.P. Kuiper in 1948 for the heroine of Shakespeare's "The Tempest". Ariel Discovered by William Lassell in 1851; named by John Herschel in early 19th century for the benevolent spirit in Shakespeare's "The Tempest". Umbriel Discovered by William Lassell in 1851, Umbriel was named by John Herschel in early 19th century for malevolent spirit in Pope's "Rape of the Lock." Titania Discovered by William Herschel in 1787; named by his son, John Herschel, in early 19th century for the Queen of the Fairies in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream". Oberon Discovered by William Herschel in 1787; named by his son, John Herschel, in early 19th century for the King of the Fairies in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream". NEPTUNE Neptune was actually "observed" as early as 1690 by John Flamsteed, who thought it was a fixed star. It was "predicted" by John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier who, independently, were able to account for the irregularities in the motion of Uranus by correctly predicting the orbital elements of a trans-Uranian body. Using the predicted parameters of these two men, Johann Galle observed the planet in 1846. Galle wanted to name the planet for Le Verrier, but that was not acceptable to the international astronomical community. APPENDIX 10 DIACRITICALS USED IN THE TABLE The word diacritic comes from a Greek word meaning to separate. It refers to the accent marks employed to separate, or distinguish, one form of pronunciation of a vowel or consonant from another. This note is included to familiarize the user with the codes used to represent diacriticals found in the table, and the values usually associated with them. In the table, the code for a diacritical is preceded by a backslash and is followed, without a space, by the letter it is modifying. This note is organized as follows: the code is listed first, followed by the name of the accent mark, if applicable, a brief description of the appearance of the diacritical and a short narrative on its usage. \% acute accent; a straight diagonal line extending from upper right to lower left. The acute accent is used in most languages to lengthen a vowel; in some, such as Oscan, to denote an open vowel. The acute is also often used to indicate the stressed syllable; in some transcriptions it indicates a palatalized consonant. \: diaeresis or umlaut; two dots surmounting the letter. In Romance languages and English, the diaeresis is used to indicate that consecutive vowels do not form a dipthong (see below); in modern German and Scandinavian languages, it denotes palatalization of vowels. \^ circumflex; a chevron or inverted 'v' shape, with the apex at the top. Used most often in modern languages to indicate lengthening of a vowel. \~ tilde; a curving or waving line above the letter. The tilde is a form of circumflex. The tilde is used most often in Spanish to form a palatalized n as in the word 'ano', pronounced 'anyo'. It is also used occasionally to indicate nasalized vowels. \- macron; a straight line above the letter. The macron is used almost universally to lengthen a vowel. \u breve; a concave semicircle or 'u' shape surmounting the letter. Originally used in Greek, the breve indicates a short vowel. \o a small circle or 'o' above the letter. Frequently used in Scandinavian languages to indicate a broad 'o'. \ae dipthong or ligature; transcribed as two letters in contact with each other. The dipthong is a combination of vowels that are pronounced together. \, cedilla; a curved line surmounted by a vertical line, placed at the bottom of the letter. The cedilla is used in Spanish and French to denote a dental, or soft, 'c'. In the new Turkish transcription, 'c' cedilla has the value of English 'ch'. In Semitic languages, the cedilla under a consonant indicates that it is emphatic. \v check or inverted circumflex; a 'v' shape above the letter. This accent is used widely in Slavic languages to indicate a palatal articulation, like the consonant sounds in the English words chapter and shoe and the 'zh' sound in pleasure. \. a single dot above the letter. This diacritical denotes various things; in Lithuanian, it indicates a close long vowel. In Sanskrit, when used with 'n', it is a velar sound, as in the English 'sink'; in Irish orthography, it indicates a fricative consonant (see below). \' accent grave; a diagonal line (above the letter) extending from upper left to lower right. The grave accent is used in French, Spanish and Italian to denote open vowels. \_ fricative; a horizontal line through a consonant. A fricative consonant is characterized by a frictional rustling of the breath as it is emitted.